Features

From the Alliance Case: Constitutionalism and Fragmentation

Published

1 month ago

June 3, 2026

Recently, the trial of Lee Cheuk-yan and Chow Hang-tung in the case involving the “Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China” (the Alliance) for incitement to subversion of state power has lasted more than 20 days. The core of the case remains the allegations under the National Security Law, which argue that the two were involved in organising the candlelight vigil commemorating the 30th anniversary of the June Fourth incident and promoting the slogan “end one-party rule.”

From the court’s perspective, the Alliance’s actions and demands are considered “subversion of state power.” Chow Hang-tung, however, firmly maintains that she and her colleagues were merely exercising freedoms granted under the Constitution, peacefully expressing political views.

As the case is expected to enter judgment in July, Hong Kong society continues to debate whether the defendants should face such charges for participating in a peaceful assembly. But the deeper question is: what exactly is the constitutional dispute at the heart of this case? And what does this complex situation mean for Hong Kong people both overseas and those still in the city?

What is a “constitution”?

The definition and historical evolution of “constitution” differ fundamentally between East and West, and this gap is central to understanding the conflict in this case.

In Western liberal-democratic traditions, a constitution is primarily about limiting power and forming a social contract. Its essence is constitutionalism. For example, in the UK, although its constitution is unwritten and derived from laws and conventions dating back to the 1215 Magna Carta, it is guided by principles of parliamentary sovereignty and the protection of individual rights. The constitution functions as a boundary between the governed and the governing, designed to prevent the over-expansion of power. Within this framework, advocating peaceful political change or criticising the system is seen as a fundamental civil right, not a threat to the state.

The nature of the Constitution of China, however, reflects a very different logic of state-building. In its current framework, the Constitution is not only the fundamental law of the state, but also a legal foundation establishing “the leadership of the Communist Party of China” as the defining feature of socialism. Constitutional legitimacy and party leadership are deeply integrated. As a result, when the Alliance calls for “ending one-party rule,” it may be seen in Western common-law terms as protected political expression, but in China’s constitutional logic it becomes a direct challenge to the state’s fundamental system, and therefore an act of “subversion.”

This structural and historical divergence has led to entirely different legal assumptions between prosecution and defence. The defence, grounded in common law and international human rights norms, argues that political ideas without violence should not be criminalised. The prosecution, however, adopts a preventive national security logic, viewing any mobilisation that weakens institutional legitimacy as a threat—even without violence.

This trial is therefore not only a legal dispute, but a collision between two constitutional civilizations: one that treats the constitution as a shield for dissent, and another that treats it as a sword for defending the system.

The misalignment of constitutional function

From the intersection of legal logic and political reality, Chow Hang-tung appears to be in a paradoxical position—both “right” and “wrong.”

She is “right” in the sense that she operates within classical liberal constitutionalism, where the constitution protects citizens from arbitrary punishment. From this perspective, advocating the end of one-party rule is a legitimate political opinion. Without violence, criminalising such speech would conflict with traditional common-law requirements distinguishing intent and action.

However, she is also considered “wrong” within the current Hong Kong constitutional order, because she underestimates the paradigm shift in legal interpretation. The Chinese Constitution not only protects rights but also establishes Party leadership as foundational. Since the 2018 constitutional amendment enshrined Party leadership in the Constitution, challenges to one-party rule are effectively interpreted as attacks on the constitutional order itself.

Chow’s reasoning reflects her rigorous academic training and Western legal education. With studies in physics at Cambridge and law at the University of Hong Kong, she approaches law as rational, principled, and aligned with international human rights standards. In her framework, law should protect citizens and uphold procedural justice.

Yet this very commitment leaves her and her co-defendants at odds with the current legal environment. The prevailing approach is no longer one of protecting dissent, but of “defensive democracy” and preventive national security. Under this logic, even non-violent “soft resistance” is treated as opposition, and ideological mobilisation itself may be considered subversive.

Thus, invoking constitutional freedoms to challenge a constitutionally entrenched system becomes, within this framework, a legal contradiction.

Why silence is a warning sign

More broadly, the case highlights a troubling development: increasing constraints on public expression regarding sensitive historical events.

In traditional legal systems, stating historical facts is generally protected speech. Chow argues that prosecution has “inverted truth and falsehood,” turning the act of stating facts into “incitement.” However, under current legal reasoning, the court has treated decades of commemoration of June Fourth as potentially constituting “hate speech” or “subversion.”

Efforts to present historical evidence in court have repeatedly been restricted as irrelevant. This effectively limits the space for historical narrative within legal proceedings.

For the Chinese Communist Party, the 1989 crackdown remains a politically sensitive historical burden. Public acknowledgment of wrongdoing could trigger broader demands for political reform. From this perspective, suppressing commemorative activity is not only about present stability but about controlling historical narrative.

The removal of candlelight vigils is therefore not simply about banning an event, but about reshaping collective memory. Once historical symbols are redefined as security threats, the law becomes a mechanism for defining acceptable historical interpretation.

The shrinking of Hong Kong’s public space

Beyond this case, Hong Kong has also experienced a broader contraction of public expression.

In the late colonial period and early post-handover years, public discussion of June Fourth and political criticism was widely tolerated. Candlelight vigils, academic events, and public reporting were commonplace.

However, since 2019 and the introduction of the National Security Law and related legislation, the boundary of expression has shifted from “peaceful conduct” to “national security risk.” Even personal expression is increasingly reassessed through a security lens.

Recent incidents, such as police intervention in residents displaying banners in their homes, illustrate how the boundary between public and private expression has become blurred.

What was once considered private autonomy is now subject to heightened scrutiny. As legal lines become less clear, self-censorship becomes more common.

A generational restructuring of values

Different generations are experiencing this shift differently.

Older generations (60–70s), who lived through 1989, feel a profound sense of loss as their political ideals collapse.

Middle-aged groups (40–50s) tend to adopt pragmatic adaptation, prioritising stability, careers, and family security.

Younger generations (20–30s), shaped by liberal education and local identity, experience the greatest cognitive dissonance, as their legal and moral frameworks clash with present realities, leading many to emigrate or withdraw.

What does the future hold?

With expanding national security laws, self-censorship is becoming a practical norm. Over time, historical memory itself risks fragmentation, as younger generations may only encounter events like June Fourth through official or limited narratives.

This creates a break in historical transmission, where memory shifts from public discourse to private discussion.

For those overseas, particularly in democratic societies such as Australia, the contrast highlights the value of political freedom and expression. The question becomes not only how Hong Kong is changing, but how those outside it choose to respond—whether through remembrance, participation, or active engagement in preserving open civic values.

Post Views: 84

Features

Australian Values: Do We Really Have a Consensus?

Published

9 hours ago

July 13, 2026

Blessing CALD Editorial

If someone asked you today, “What are Australian values?” how would you answer?

Freedom? Fairness? The rule of law? Multiculturalism? Or speaking fluent English and respecting the local culture?

In recent years, “Australian values” has appeared increasingly frequently in political debate. From immigration policy and social integration to national identity, politicians have repeatedly argued that new migrants must embrace Australian values. Pauline Hanson, leader of One Nation, has even advocated for Australia to return to a “monocultural” society, arguing that new migrants should speak English, obey Australian laws, and assimilate into the mainstream culture.

Yet as “Australian values” has become an increasingly common political slogan, the most fundamental question is rarely discussed: what exactly are Australian values? Although the concept appears familiar, it is far more complex than it seems. People from different political parties, generations, and cultural backgrounds may all have different interpretations.

In fact, Australian values have never been a fixed or unchanging set of standards. They are a collection of shared values that have been shaped, revised, and redefined over more than two centuries of Australian history through the intertwined experiences of colonisation, immigration, multiculturalism, and the history of the First Nations peoples. To understand Australian values, we must first understand how Australia became the nation it is today. More importantly, in a multicultural society, how should Australia enable people from different cultural backgrounds to genuinely understand the country and build a shared set of national values together?

How the Australian Government Defines Australian Values

In fact, the Australian Government has already established an official definition of “Australian values.” Everyone applying for an Australian visa is required to sign the Australian Values Statement, committing to respect and uphold Australia’s fundamental values. The statement outlines a number of core principles, including respect for individual freedom and dignity, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, the rule of law, and democracy. It also emphasises that everyone should enjoy equal opportunity regardless of their gender, race, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnic background.

The government’s official definition also explains one of the concepts most frequently associated with Australian society: “Fair Go.” The idea extends beyond mutual respect and tolerance for others. It also emphasises empathy and care for those in need, while ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to compete on a level playing field and achieve upward social mobility. In addition, English is defined as Australia’s national language and is regarded as the common foundation for communication, social cohesion, and national unity.

Beyond signing the Values Statement, all applicants for Australian citizenship are also required to pass the citizenship test, which includes five compulsory questions on Australian values. The government’s official resource, Australian Citizenship: Our Common Bond, further sets out the same core principles contained in the Australian Values Statement, providing detailed explanations of each of these values.

Do Australians Know What Australian Values Are?

Although the Australian Government has established a clear official definition of “Australian values” and reinforces it through the Australian Values Statement and the citizenship test, this does not necessarily mean that all Australians truly understand what these values entail—let alone share a common understanding of them.

At the political level, there are clear differences in how Australian values are interpreted. Pauline Hanson, leader of One Nation, advocates returning to a “monocultural” framework, closely linking Australian values with assimilation, the English language, and cultural conformity, and using this as justification for tightening immigration policies. By contrast, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese presents a more inclusive and multicultural interpretation, arguing that the core of Australian values lies in respecting diversity and upholding fairness, rather than requiring cultural homogeneity.

However, these differences are not confined to politicians. Even within Australian society, there is no clear or consistent understanding of what Australian values actually mean. For example, “Fair Go” is often regarded as one of the defining Australian values, yet people interpret it in very different ways.

According to the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes conducted by a team of Australian researchers, when respondents were asked what “Fair Go” meant to them, the answers reflected a wide range of—and sometimes conflicting—interpretations. Some viewed it as equal opportunity and non-discrimination, while others emphasised the relationship between effort and reward. Still others extended the concept to fairness in social welfare and the distribution of public resources.

Further evidence came from a public opinion survey conducted by DemosAU in January this year, which found that there is, in fact, no single social consensus on what constitutes Australian values. When respondents were asked an open-ended question about what Australian values meant to them, the answers varied considerably. The most common response was “respect and kindness,” followed by “equality and fairness.” Other frequently mentioned values included community spirit, friendship and “mateship,” as well as peaceful coexistence. At the same time, some respondents believed that Australian values were disappearing altogether, while others said they simply did not know how to answer.

In other words, even under the same official government framework, Australian values continue to be interpreted differently across both politics and society, rather than existing as a clearly defined and universally accepted set of shared principles.

How Australia’s Immigration History Shaped Australian Values

To understand what we now call “Australian values,” it is not enough to look solely at government policies or political rhetoric. We must instead return to Australia’s immigration history and examine how these values were formed.

Australia did not evolve naturally as a single-culture nation. Rather, it is a society that has been gradually built through successive waves of migration across different historical periods. As a result, Australian values have never been a fixed or static concept. They have been continually redefined alongside changing migration patterns and evolving social experiences.

The earliest chapter of Australian society can be traced back to Britain’s convict transportation system. In 1788, large numbers of British convicts were transported to Australia, where they rebuilt their lives in a distant colony. Throughout this process, the ideas of hard work and freedom gradually became embedded in the emerging social culture. As the colony became more stable, Australia’s institutions continued to develop from the British system, laying the foundation for its future democratic governance.

The nineteenth-century gold rush then attracted migrants from around the world, including Europeans, Americans, and Chinese miners. Amid competition for resources and cooperation within mining communities, a social culture emerged that emphasised opportunity and social mobility.

During this period, many of the principles that are now regarded as core Australian values began to take shape, including equal opportunity, anti-elitism, and the spirit of fair competition. In particular, within mining communities, the belief that “those who work hard should be rewarded” gradually evolved into what is now widely recognised as the idea of a “Fair Go.”

In the twentieth century, the White Australia Policy imposed assimilation policies that restricted non-European immigration for decades, resulting in a relatively homogeneous cultural landscape for a period of time. However, as immigration policies gradually liberalised after the Second World War, large numbers of migrants from Europe, Asia, and the Middle East arrived in Australia, making multiculturalism an undeniable national reality. During this period, inclusiveness, multicultural coexistence, and respect for cultural diversity gradually became part of Australia’s understanding of its own values.

Today’s Australian values are therefore the cumulative product of different waves of migration and historical experience: from the resilience and pursuit of freedom demonstrated by transported convicts, to the spirit of fair opportunity fostered during the gold rush, and later to the coexistence and inclusiveness that emerged within a multicultural society. In other words, Australian values do not originate from a single source; they have been collectively shaped by migrants from different backgrounds and different eras.

Recognising First Nations: Australian Values Beyond the Colonial Narrative

It is worth noting that Australia’s understanding of its own identity has undergone an important period of historical reflection in recent years. Increasingly, Australians have come to recognise that the First Nations peoples—including Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islander peoples, who have lived on this land for more than 60,000 years—are the original custodians of the continent and the holders of its oldest continuous cultures. This recognition is more than a symbolic cultural gesture; it represents Australia’s growing willingness to re-examine the nation’s founding history and acknowledge the harm and inequalities inflicted upon Indigenous peoples through colonisation.

For much of Australia’s modern history, national identity was largely built around the legacy of British colonisation. The English language, British institutions, and European culture were regarded as the primary foundations of Australian society. However, with the development of multiculturalism, Australia has gradually come to recognise that a truly fair national identity should not be based on the dominance of a single culture, but should instead embrace both the original history of this land and the cultural experiences brought by successive waves of migrants.

In recent years, Australia’s Multicultural Framework has further emphasised that First Nations cultures are a fundamental part of Australia’s shared national identity. Rather than treating Indigenous Australians as simply one of many cultural groups within a multicultural society, the framework recognises their foundational place in Australia’s history and culture, while promoting more meaningful reconciliation, cultural safety, and social participation. In other words, Australia has begun to move away from a one-way model of asking migrants to integrate into Australia, towards a two-way understanding of how different communities collectively shape Australia.

This shift also reflects a deeper commitment to Australia’s values of freedom, democracy, and the rule of law. A healthy democracy is not only about protecting the rights of the majority; it also requires acknowledging the voices of those who have historically been marginalised and responding to historical injustice through institutional reform. In this sense, recognising First Nations peoples represents an important sign of Australia’s democratic maturity and its willingness to critically reflect on its own history.

Viewed from a broader historical perspective, everyone who has come to Australia over the past two centuries—whether early British settlers, transported convicts, European and Asian gold miners, or today’s migrants from around the world—arrived after the First Nations peoples. Consequently, when some political narratives attempt to define Anglo-white culture as the only authentic expression of Australian values, this historical perspective exposes the limitations of such claims.

Today’s Australian values are therefore not inherited from a single cultural tradition. Rather, they have evolved through the interaction of more than 60,000 years of First Nations history, the experience of colonisation, successive waves of migration, and the ongoing development of a multicultural society. At its core, Australian identity is no longer defined by who arrived first, but by how the nation acknowledges its history while building a society founded on freedom, democracy, the rule of law, inclusiveness, and equal opportunity.

Can Administrative Measures Really Shape Shared Values?

Although the Australian Government has established an official framework defining “Australian values” and incorporated it into the visa and citizenship process, does it truly represent the shared values of all Australians? From an institutional perspective, the government requires applicants to understand and commit to these values through official study materials, the Australian Values Statement, and standardized citizenship tests. However, this top-down, administrative approach to defining values raises an important question: can a set of official documents and examinations truly enable people to understand and genuinely identify with the core values of a society?

More recently, Liberal Party leader Angus Taylor proposed introducing a legally binding “Australian Values Statement” into migration law, making it a core requirement for obtaining a visa. He also argued that visa holders who breached these behavioural standards should face visa cancellation and deportation. At the same time, he criticised the Labor government’s migration policy as being too lenient, arguing that migration screening should be strengthened and entry requirements tightened to ensure migrants better align with Australian values.

The fundamental issue, however, is that even Australians themselves do not necessarily share a common understanding of what “Australian values” actually mean. If there is no clear consensus among the broader Australian public, it is reasonable to question whether migrants from different cultural backgrounds—particularly those from non-democratic societies—can truly change, embrace, and internalise these values in their daily lives simply by reading government materials, signing a declaration, or passing a citizenship test. This assumption itself deserves closer examination.

Australian Values Cannot Be Reduced to a Textbook

Under Australia’s current migration policy, the government primarily adopts an information transmission model to establish shared values. Through official documents, value statements, and standardized citizenship tests, new migrants are expected to “understand and accept” Australian values as part of the migration process.

However, from the perspective of communication theory, the formation of values is not simply a process of receiving information. Rather, it is a process of meaning-making, in which understanding is constructed through interaction, lived experience, and social relationships.

A migrant may be able to answer every question in the citizenship test, but that does not necessarily mean they truly understand how freedom, democracy, or fairness operate in Australian society. Values are not like legal provisions that can be fully internalised through reading and examination. Instead, they are gradually developed through everyday interactions with people from different backgrounds, participation in public life, and first-hand experience of how institutions function.

To some extent, the current policy assumes that Australian values are a complete and fixed set of principles that simply need to be transmitted from the government to new migrants. Yet Australia’s own history demonstrates the opposite: national values have never been static. They have continuously evolved through the interactions of different communities.

From more than 60,000 years of First Nations cultural heritage, to the colonial era, and later waves of migration that brought diverse cultural experiences to Australia, the values that Australia now upholds—freedom, democracy, the rule of law, and equal opportunity—are themselves the product of long-term social negotiation.

If Australia genuinely seeks to build a shared sense of national values, administrative procedures and standardized testing alone are insufficient to reflect the realities of a multicultural society.

The real question is not whether migrants know Australian values, but whether they are given the opportunity to experience them within Australian society.

Intercultural Democracy: Understanding Values Through Interaction

Compared with a one-way information transmission model, Australia needs to develop a form of intercultural democracy that places interaction at its core.

Intercultural democracy is not merely about allowing different cultural groups to coexist peacefully. Rather, it involves designing institutions that create opportunities for ongoing dialogue, collaboration, and participation in public affairs among diverse communities. Values are not standards imposed from the top down; they are social understandings gradually formed through people living together, inspiring one another, and influencing one another through everyday interaction. In this context, the role of government is no longer simply to tell people what “Australian values” are, but to create opportunities for people to understand, through practical participation, why these values are worth upholding collectively.

This also means that policy design should shift from excluding those who do not conform to encouraging shared participation. For example, governments could promote intercultural community collaboration programs that encourage new migrants and local residents to participate together in Rural Fire Service (RFS) activities, community kitchens, youth mentoring programs, and local governance initiatives. By working together to address social issues, participants do not merely learn about fairness, responsibility, mateship, and mutual support in theory; they experience these values in practice.

Governments could also establish honour and incentive mechanisms to encourage participation. Initiatives such as an Intercultural Excellence in Participation Award or a Community Inclusion Points Scheme could recognise the contributions of both migrants and local residents who engage in community activities. Recognition might include official certificates, public service benefits, or other forms of acknowledgement. In addition, residents from different backgrounds could be encouraged to work together to solve local issues, thereby gaining a deeper understanding of democracy, the rule of law, and equal participation, while putting the principle of Fair Go into practice through cooperation and shared outcomes.

More importantly, these policies should not be designed solely to help migrants integrate; they should enable the whole society to participate in the construction of shared values. Intercultural democracy does not require migrants to unilaterally adopt mainstream culture. Local Australians can also, through interaction, gain a renewed appreciation of the cultural resources, life experiences, and global perspectives that migrants bring. Genuine integration is not a process in which one group changes another; it is a process of mutual growth through two-way interaction, allowing Australian values to continue evolving alongside society.

Ultimately, Australian values should not exist merely as answers in a textbook. They should be lived experiences practiced in communities, schools, workplaces, and public life. Intercultural democracy enables people from different backgrounds to engage in ongoing dialogue, negotiation, and shared decision-making, thereby gradually understanding what Australia is, rather than simply being told what Australia should be. Values understood through interaction are no longer cold and rigid migration requirements; they become living Australian values that are practiced in daily life and continue to evolve over time.

Australian Values Should Not Become a Political Tool

However, as Australia rethinks how to foster intercultural dialogue, it must also be alert to a growing concern: a set of values originally shaped through history, migration, and democratic practice is increasingly being appropriated by some politicians as a tool for winning votes.

In recent years, some politicians have deliberately simplified complex social issues in order to appeal to voters’ anxieties. Through emotionally charged rhetoric, they have framed immigration, multiculturalism, and national identity as issues of conflict and division. They have redefined “Australian values” as a narrow cultural standard, implying that only those who conform to a particular language, culture, or background truly belong in Australian society. Such narratives not only ignore Australia’s history as a nation built by migration, but also dismiss the contributions that diverse communities have made to Australian society over many decades.

Pauline Hanson’s call for a return to a “monocultural” Australia exemplifies this approach. It reduces Australian values to an exclusive identity rather than recognising them as a set of shared principles that continue to evolve within a democratic society. This form of populist politics amplifies fear and public anxiety, portraying migrants as the cause of housing pressures and rising living costs, while avoiding deeper structural issues such as policy failures, economic conditions, and governance challenges.

Yet in the face of this political narrative, the major parties have largely responded passively. Although Angus Taylor criticised One Nation’s proposals as inconsistent, he has failed to put forward a clearer and more inclusive vision of Australian values. In doing so, he has also avoided the responsibility of shaping a more constructive national conversation.

Australian values have never belonged to any single cultural or ethnic group, nor should they be redefined or manipulated by politicians for electoral gain. To genuinely uphold Australian values is not to divide society into “us” and “them” through fear and confrontation, but to continue strengthening the foundations of understanding, mutual respect, and shared participation within a democratic society.

Post Views: 13

Features

The New Pacific Reality Facing Australia After China’s Missile Test

Published

5 days ago

July 8, 2026

Blessing CALD Editorial

On 6 July, a Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy strategic nuclear submarine successfully test-fired a submarine-launched ballistic missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead into international waters of the Pacific Ocean. The missile travelled across the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of several Pacific island countries before landing in waters near Tuvalu. Although China described the launch as a “routine training exercise”, Australia, New Zealand and several Indo-Pacific countries criticised the incident as a “provocative action that undermines regional stability”.

Coincidentally, on the same day as the missile test, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese was beginning a three-day Pacific visit, during which he sought to strengthen defence, policing and economic cooperation with Fiji and other Pacific island nations. Australia not only signed the “Vuvale Union” with Fiji, which includes mutual defence commitments, but also signed the “Nakamal Agreement” with Vanuatu last month, further consolidating Australia’s role as a major security and aid partner in the region.

One side was China demonstrating its military projection capabilities across thousands of kilometres, while the other was Australia accelerating efforts to strengthen ties with Pacific island countries. Although these two events appear separate, they reflect an intensifying geopolitical competition. For Australia, the concern is not only the missile itself, but China’s growing influence in the Pacific through infrastructure investment, diplomacy, policing cooperation and security agreements, which is gradually challenging the security structure Australia has long regarded as its “strategic backyard”.

Australia No Longer Has a “Natural Security Distance”

For decades, Australia’s greatest defence advantage was not military strength, but geography.

Surrounded by oceans and located thousands of kilometres away from major powers, Australia also benefited from a natural buffer formed by Pacific island countries including Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji and Vanuatu to the north. This meant Australia faced few direct military threats to its mainland in the decades after World War II. Therefore, the idea that “distance equals security” has long been a key foundation of Australia’s defence strategy.

However, as China has continued to pursue military modernisation in recent years, this sense of security based on geography is gradually weakening.

Although the Chinese missile test was still some distance away from mainland Australia, the real concern for the Australian government is not where the missile landed, but the long-range military projection capability China demonstrated. Submarines have high levels of stealth, and their ability to launch long-range ballistic missiles indicates that China is gradually developing a more complete sea-based nuclear deterrence capability. It also shows that Chinese military power can now extend further across the Indo-Pacific region.

The Lowy Institute has also noted in its latest reports that as China continues to develop long-range bombers, ballistic missiles, nuclear submarines and long-endurance drones, Australia’s “natural security barrier” based on geographic distance is gradually disappearing. The report argues that over the next decade, China may not only be capable of threatening Australia through naval power, cyberattacks, disruption of undersea cables and interference with maritime trade, but may also develop the ability to directly strike Australian territory. If Beijing establishes military bases in the Pacific or deploys longer-range weapon systems in the future, major Australian ports, airports, energy facilities and transport infrastructure could potentially become targets.

Therefore, Australia’s heightened concern over the missile test is not because it believes China is about to attack Australia, but because the incident serves as a warning: the security advantage created by geographic distance is gradually shrinking. As China’s military projection capabilities continue to grow, combined with its expanding relationships with Pacific island countries, Australia must rethink how it maintains its strategic advantage in the South Pacific.

From “Strategic Neglect” to Re-engaging Pacific Island Countries

However, Australia’s real challenge is not only China’s growing military capability, but also its previous misjudgment of China’s expansion in the Pacific.

For a long time, Australia viewed Pacific island countries as its “strategic backyard”, but due to economic considerations, it adopted a cautious approach towards China’s increasing influence in the region, and at times underestimated the significance of these developments. Particularly over the past decade, China expanded its relationships with multiple Pacific island countries through the Belt and Road Initiative, infrastructure investment, foreign aid and people-to-people exchanges. Meanwhile, Australia remained more focused on trade cooperation with China and did not immediately view these developments as a security challenge.

It was only in recent years, as China’s role in the Pacific became increasingly visible, that Australia began adjusting its approach. In 2022, Solomon Islands signed a security agreement with China, allowing cooperation in policing and security areas, which raised significant concerns in Australia. The Australian government feared that Beijing could gradually establish a deeper strategic presence through what appeared to be economic and public security cooperation, potentially paving the way for future military deployments.

Against this background, the Albanese government has actively repositioned Australia’s Pacific policy by signing a series of strategically significant agreements with island nations to strengthen bilateral relations.

The recently signed Vuvale Union with Fiji represents an important step in Australia’s effort to enhance regional security cooperation. The agreement is not merely a standard diplomatic partnership, but includes a rare mutual defence commitment, requiring both sides to respond when either party faces security threats. It is Fiji’s first formal defence arrangement with another country and makes Fiji Australia’s fourth formal defence partner after the United States, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. The agreement also includes an “open clause” allowing other Pacific island countries to join in the future, reflecting Australia’s efforts to expand its regional security network and balance China’s influence.

Beyond security cooperation, Australia is also strengthening ties through economic assistance. The Vuvale Union covers cooperation in climate change, economic development and infrastructure, with Australia committing A$1 billion over the next decade to support Fiji.

Similarly, Australia signed the Nakamal Agreement with Vanuatu last month, establishing Australia as a major aid provider and policing partner for the country. The Albanese government hopes to rebuild Australia’s influence in the South Pacific through security training, infrastructure investment and economic support.

Pacific Island Countries Are Not Choosing Only One Side: China’s Influence Is Reshaping Regional Security

However, while Australia strengthens cooperation with Pacific island countries, it must also recognise a reality: these nations are not simply aligned with Australia, but maintain different levels of cooperation with China based on their own interests.

Facing long-term challenges including climate change, limited infrastructure and economic development needs, many Pacific island countries require external funding and assistance. This has created opportunities for China to expand its economic and diplomatic influence. For Beijing, Pacific island countries are not only development partners but also part of its efforts to challenge existing US influence in the region and break through the island chain strategy. For Australia, China’s deeper engagement with these countries is gradually changing a Pacific security order traditionally dominated by Australia.

In recent years, China has not only strengthened ties through infrastructure investment and economic assistance, but has also expanded cooperation into policing and security fields. Beijing has provided multiple countries with law enforcement equipment, including drones, patrol boats and police vehicles, while strengthening police exchanges with Pacific island nations. Solomon Islands has become the most closely watched example. In 2022, Solomon Islands signed a security cooperation agreement with China, the details of which have not been fully disclosed, raising concerns in Australia and other Western countries that Beijing could establish a deeper security presence.

Following the agreement, Chinese police personnel entered Solomon Islands to provide support including firearms training, riot control tactics and policing training. China has also provided similar cooperation to other Pacific nations through personnel exchanges, equipment assistance and policing programmes. Although Beijing insists such cooperation is mainly aimed at maintaining public security, policing cooperation could become an entry point for expanding China’s security influence and further weakening Australia’s traditional role in the region.

China’s Pacific strategy is not limited to security. Over many years, Beijing has used Belt and Road-related investments and aid to build roads, stadiums, government buildings and hospitals across several island countries, gradually establishing economic and political connections. For some Pacific island nations with small populations and limited resources, Chinese funding and development projects are attractive and provide more diplomatic options.

Therefore, Pacific island countries are not simply choosing between Australia and China. Many seek to maintain security cooperation with Australia while preserving economic ties with China, balancing different powers to maximise their own interests. For example, even after signing the Nakamal Agreement with Australia last month, Vanuatu stated that it was still waiting for Beijing’s approval of another development cooperation agreement, showing that some island nations wish to retain space for cooperation with China despite receiving Australian security support.

This diplomatic balancing strategy creates greater challenges for Australia. Even if Australia views China as its main strategic competitor, neighbouring island countries may not share the same position. The real risk for Australia is not simply that Pacific island countries maintain diplomatic relations with China, but whether Beijing can gradually establish a strategic presence through long-term economic dependence, security cooperation and political influence. If China builds deeper security networks in Australia’s “strategic backyard”, or gains access to ports, communications systems or other strategic facilities, Australia’s defence advantage based on geographic distance could further decline.

Therefore, Australia’s recent efforts to increase aid, deepen policing cooperation and promote defence agreements are essentially responses to the new security pressures created by China’s expanding influence. However, the question remains whether this strategic awakening has come too late.

Who Is China Really Sending a Message To?

Observers generally believe that the missile test was not solely a response to Australia’s recent security agreements with Pacific island countries. Its primary target was more likely the United States.

By launching a long-range ballistic missile from a strategic nuclear submarine, China demonstrated that its nuclear capabilities are no longer limited to land-based missiles, but are increasingly developing into a diversified nuclear deterrence system that includes sea-based capabilities. This indicates stronger long-range projection capabilities and reflects continued progress in China’s military modernisation.

Although China has long maintained a “no first use” nuclear policy, it has continued expanding its nuclear arsenal and developing advanced military technologies in recent years. According to the US Department of Defense’s China Military Power Report, China’s nuclear arsenal has grown rapidly in recent years and is moving towards a goal of possessing more than 1,000 nuclear warheads by 2030.

If China further develops long-range bombers, strategic aviation forces and related weapons systems, it could gradually complete a “nuclear triad” structure — consisting of land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and air-launched nuclear platforms — creating nuclear deterrence capabilities across land, sea and air domains. This would not only represent an increase in China’s military capability but could also alter the long-standing strategic balance in the Indo-Pacific, which has been dominated by the United States.

However, what concerns Australia and other countries is not the missile test itself, but the gap between China’s rapidly expanding military capabilities and its limited strategic transparency. While Beijing continues to modernise its military, expand its nuclear arsenal and enhance long-range strike capabilities, it has not increased transparency at the same pace, making it difficult for other countries to accurately assess its long-term strategic intentions.

Therefore, while the test may not have directly targeted Australia, it remains an important warning. China demonstrated not just a single weapons capability, but an expanding strategic projection system. As these capabilities extend closer to Australia’s surrounding waters and the Pacific region, Australia’s challenge is no longer simply traditional security concerns created by geography, but how to respond to a China with increasingly expanding military influence.

How Should Australia Respond?

China’s continued military growth does not mean Australia is already in an irreversible disadvantageous position, but it does show that the era of relying on geographic distance for security is gradually ending. Australia’s future challenge is not only how to respond to one missile test, but how to build a more resilient national security system in a rapidly changing Indo-Pacific strategic environment.

The Lowy Institute has pointed out that China continues to expand its naval forces and plans to have around 25 nuclear-powered attack submarines by 2035, compared with an estimated nine currently. In comparison, although Australia is developing nuclear-powered submarines through the AUKUS security partnership, its future fleet size will remain relatively limited. Furthermore, China’s submarine construction speed currently exceeds that of the United States, meaning the maritime balance of power in the Indo-Pacific is gradually changing.

However, researchers also emphasise that this does not mean China is preparing to attack Australia. The key concern is not whether China currently intends to do so, but that it is gradually developing the capability to do so. Australia’s defence planning cannot focus only on whether another country currently has hostile intentions, but must consider whether that country would have the ability to act militarily if circumstances change. Therefore, Australia can no longer assume “distance equals security” and must establish a more comprehensive defence strategy.

Australia’s future approach should not only involve increasing defence spending or purchasing advanced weapons. It must also improve maritime surveillance and early warning capabilities, protect undersea cables and critical infrastructure, deepen security cooperation with allies, and continue strengthening long-term partnerships with Pacific island countries. Only through these measures can Australia maintain strategic initiative in an increasingly complex Indo-Pacific environment.

Winning the Pacific Requires More Than Security Cooperation

In recent years, many Australian Pacific policies have focused on balancing China’s influence. However, if Australia views Pacific island countries merely as pieces in geopolitical competition, it risks overlooking the issues these nations actually care about. For many island countries, climate change, infrastructure shortages, healthcare limitations, youth unemployment and economic development are far more urgent than great power competition.

Taking Solomon Islands as an example, the country currently faces challenges including youth unemployment, pressure on public healthcare and rising financial burdens. Compared with geopolitical rivalry between major powers, local communities are more concerned about whether living standards can improve and whether their countries can achieve sustainable development. Australia’s previous malaria prevention programmes in Solomon Islands, which significantly reduced infection rates, provide an example of successful cooperation. Such initiatives gained local support because Australia responded to practical development needs rather than using aid purely as a strategic tool.

This demonstrates that if Australia wants to maintain long-term influence in the South Pacific, security cooperation and financial assistance alone are insufficient. More importantly, Australia must build trust. Only by responding to island nations’ development, climate and social needs through equality, respect and mutual benefit can Australia become a partner they genuinely rely on. After all, Pacific island countries are not limited to choosing between China and Australia, but will continue seeking cooperation that best serves their own interests.

China has not “won” the South Pacific, and Australia has not completely lost its influence. This will be a long-term competition for regional influence. Facing China’s growing military capabilities and expanding diplomatic and security presence in the South Pacific, Australia must redefine not only its defence strategy but also how it builds a long-term approach that protects its own security while earning the trust of regional partners in an Indo-Pacific environment where competition and cooperation coexist.

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Features

Walking with the Solitary (11): Encouraging Children to Participate in Training (Part 1)

Published

1 week ago

July 6, 2026

Blessing CALD Editorial

Supporting Vocational Training

Over the past six months, I have been designing and implementing a workplace readiness training program for young people with high-functioning autism. In addition to being funded through the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for eligible participants, we also hope to offer it as a workplace internship program in the near future.

Traditionally, Chinese communities have placed relatively little emphasis on systematic vocational training. As a result, many people are surprised by Australia’s diverse vocational education and training (VET) system after they arrive. What many may not know is that the Australian Government and various vocational training organisations have been promoting Australia’s nationally recognised vocational training system in China for many years.

Australia’s vocational education sector offers nationally recognised Workplace Skills certificate courses designed primarily for secondary school students preparing to enter the workforce and adults returning to employment. These courses help participants develop the fundamental skills needed to function effectively in the workplace. For new migrants unfamiliar with Australian workplace culture, they also provide an excellent introduction to Australian employment practices while teaching practical workplace skills.

Many of the units offered in these courses are particularly valuable for autistic individuals who have little or no work experience or who have not yet developed these workplace competencies. With time and step-by-step learning, most participants can acquire a solid foundation of workplace skills through structured training.

Unfortunately, these courses are generally not designed specifically for autistic individuals. At Rejoice, our vision is to provide a practical, workplace-based training program that helps autistic people develop the essential skills needed to navigate working life successfully.

How Do People Learn?

Society is constantly changing. Over the past three years, rapid advances in artificial intelligence have led many people to question what knowledge students should learn to prepare for the future. Whether or not people use AI themselves, most would agree that today’s students will enter workplaces requiring very different skills and knowledge from those needed today. As a result, educators and society alike are debating what students should actually be learning.

In reality, education researchers have been asking this question for decades. The issue simply received less public attention because people largely trusted the existing education system. An even deeper question worth asking is: How do people learn throughout different stages of life? This is a critical consideration for any program supporting autistic individuals.

As society has gained a better understanding of autism, educators have continually explored how best to support autistic learners. Parents often notice developmental differences when autistic children are very young, but many do not know how to help them learn effectively. Mainstream primary and secondary schools rarely provide learning plans tailored to each student’s individual abilities and interests. Consequently, many autistic children become unsuccessful learners within the traditional education system.

Autistic individuals with stronger language skills often demonstrate remarkable learning abilities due to their intense concentration. They may excel in reading, communication, mathematics, creativity, or the performing arts. Therefore, it is inaccurate to assume that autistic people who struggle with communication or forming close social relationships lack the ability to learn.

The current school system emphasises following rules, acquiring knowledge through social interaction, and mastering a broad range of standard academic subjects. This structure often disadvantages autistic students. Nevertheless, some high-functioning autistic individuals receive additional support either at school or at home, enabling them to continue developing their strengths. Many successfully complete secondary school and university education.

However, even these high-functioning autistic individuals often continue to experience significant social difficulties and may not know how to build workplace relationships. For this reason, pre-employment training becomes especially important. Effective workplace preparation helps autistic individuals develop fundamental employment skills that can profoundly influence their future lives.

Developing a Positive Attitude

For workplace training to be effective for high-functioning autistic individuals, learners generally need three essential ingredients:

a positive attitude toward learning,
the ability to absorb new knowledge, and
sufficient repetition to develop practical skills.

For many high-functioning autistic individuals, the second and third elements are not major obstacles. If they are willing to participate in training, their chances of success can be very high.

A positive learning attitude begins with the desire to learn. Employment training should first inspire autistic individuals to want to work.

When parents bring their children to discuss whether our program is suitable, I sometimes find that some young people have little interest in employment. Some have lost confidence after experiencing rejection within their communities and doubt their ability to work alongside others. Others simply do not believe they need a job. This can be surprising.

Many parents express frustration or helplessness because, throughout their child’s upbringing, they have often felt unable to change their child’s behaviour.

I fully understand these feelings. Every parent hopes their child can build healthy friendships, communicate effectively, and grow up surrounded by supportive peers. Many parents devote considerable effort to improving their autistic child’s social skills, encouraging more activities or language development from an early age. Unfortunately, these efforts often produce limited results, leaving parents discouraged and, in some cases, resigned.

If parents themselves become pessimistic about their child’s ability to change, it becomes even more difficult for the child to develop a positive attitude toward learning.

However, high-functioning autistic individuals often demonstrate exceptional ability in subjects they genuinely enjoy. Parents should therefore begin by recognising and celebrating their children’s achievements. By encouraging them to set higher goals, parents can help motivate them to pursue new learning opportunities with confidence.

The successful cases I have encountered all shared one common factor: parents consistently acknowledged and affirmed their autistic child’s strengths, encouraging them to persevere until they achieved their goals.

To make this possible, both parents and children need to regularly address and manage negative emotions.

Managing Negative Emotions

Because autistic children are frequently excluded by their peers at school, parents should create more opportunities for them to interact with people who understand and accept them. Adults are generally more mature and often provide greater emotional support and social acceptance. Many autistic children naturally prefer spending time with older people because they feel more accepted.

As autistic children grow, they often develop interests that differ from those of their peers or show little interest in activities that other children enjoy. Parents sometimes pressure them to participate in the same activities as other children or frequently compare them with their peers. In reality, such comparisons are unnecessary.

Every individual develops differently. People’s interests, strengths, and achievements naturally vary. As long as children are willing to make an effort, parents should recognise and encourage their progress. Doing so helps build self-confidence.

If children compare themselves with others and become discouraged because they cannot do what others can, parents should certainly provide support. At the same time, they should help their children accept their own unique strengths and limitations. This acceptance is an effective way to reduce negative emotions.

I believe that a child’s ability to accept their own limitations begins with their parents accepting that their child is different from others. In fact, this acceptance is one of the most important starting points in supporting autistic children.

For those interested in the program, contact raymond@sameway.com.au or 0422 871 799 for more details.

Mr. Raymond Chow

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